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Herod (; (ヘブライ語:הוֹרְדוֹס), ''Hordos'', Greek: , ''Hērōdēs''; 74/73 BCE – 4 BCE),〔Richardson, Peter. ''Herod: King of the Jews and friend of the Romans'', (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999) pp. xv–xx.〕〔Knoblet, Jerry. ''Herod the Great'' (University Press of America, 2005), p. 179.〕〔Rocca, Samuel. ''Herod's Judaea: a Mediterranean state in the classical world'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2008) p. 159.〕〔Millar, Fergus; Schürer, Emil; Vermes, Geza. ''The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1973) p. 327.〕〔Wright, N. T. ''The New Testament and the People of God'' (SPCK, 1992), p. 172.〕 also known as Herod the Great and Herod I, was a Roman client king of Judea, referred to as the Herodian kingdom. He has been described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis", "the evil genius of the Judean nation",〔Tierney, John. ("Herod: Herod the Great" ), ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1910): "Herod, surnamed the Great, called by Grätz "the evil genius of the Judean nation" ((''Hist''., v. II, p. 77) ).〕 "prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition",〔(Herod I ) at ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': "above all, he was prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition"〕 and "the greatest builder in Jewish history".〔 He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (Herod's Temple), the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima, the fortress at Masada and Herodium. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian Josephus. Herod also appears in the Christian New Testament as the ruler of Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus, who orders the Massacre of the Innocents. Upon Herod's death, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister—Archelaus became ethnarch of the tetrarchy of Judea, Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea, Philip became tetrarch of territories east of the Jordan, and Salome I was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, Phasaelis. ==Biography== Herod was of Jewish (Nabatean) and Edomite descent, whose ancestors converted to Judaism.〔King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor : a Case Study in Psychohistory and By Aryeh Kasher, Eliezer Witztum P:22-23〕〔Jan Retsö,''The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads'', Routledge (2013), p. 374〕〔Richard R. Losch, ''All the People in the Bible'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (2008), p. 155〕〔(Herod ) at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'': "...thus, Herod was, although a practicing Jew, of Arab origin on both sides."〕 Herod was born around 74 BCE in Idumea, south of Judea.〔 He was the second son of Antipater the Idumaean, a high-ranked official under ethnarch Hyrcanus II, and Cypros, a Nabatean. He was raised as a Jew.〔http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2008/12/herod/mueller-text〕〔King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor : a Case Study in Psychohistory and By Aryeh Kasher, Eliezer Witztum P19-20 P:22〕 A loyal supporter of Hyrcanus II, Antipater appointed Herod governor of Galilee at 25, and his elder brother, Phasael, governor of Jerusalem. He enjoyed the backing of Rome but his brutality was condemned by the Sanhedrin.〔(Herod I ) at ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': "He was of commanding presence; he excelled in physical exercises; he was a skillful diplomatist; and, above all, he was prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition."〕 Two years later Antigonus, Hyrcanus' nephew, took the throne from his uncle with the help of the Parthians. Herod fled to Rome to plead with the Romans to restore him to power. (The Roman general Pompey the Great had conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE). There he was appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate.〔Josephus. ''The Wars of the Jews'' (1.14.4 ): Mark Antony "then resolved to get him made king of the Jews…told them that it was for their advantage in the Parthian war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and Caesar went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices (the Roman gods ), and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign".〕 Josephus puts this in the year of the consulship of Calvinus and Pollio (40 BCE), but Appian places it in 39 BCE.〔 Herod went back to Judea to win his kingdom from Antigonus and at the same time he married the teenage niece of Antigonus, Mariamne (known as Mariamne I), in an attempt to secure a claim to the throne and gain some Jewish favor. However, Herod already had a wife, Doris, and a three-year-old son, Antipater, and chose therefore to banish Doris and her child. Three years later, Herod and the Romans finally captured Jerusalem and executed Antigonus. Herod took the role as sole ruler of Judea and the title of ''basileus'' (Βασιλεύς, "king") for himself, ushering in the Herodian Dynasty and ending the Hasmonean Dynasty. Josephus reports this as being in the year of the consulship of Agrippa and Gallus (37 BCE), but also says that it was exactly 27 years after Jerusalem fell to Pompey, which would indicate 36 BCE. Cassius Dio also reports that in 37 "the Romans accomplished nothing worthy of note" in the area.〔Dio, ''Roman History'' 49.23.1–2.〕 According to Josephus, Herod ruled for 37 years, 34 of them after capturing Jerusalem. As Herod's family were converts to Judaism, his religious commitment was questioned by some elements of Jewish society.〔 When John Hyrcanus conquered the region of Idumaea (the Edom of the Hebrew Bible) in 140–130 BCE, he required all Idumaeans to obey Jewish law or to leave; most Idumaeans thus converted to Judaism, which meant that they had to be circumcised,〔(Circumcision: Circumcision Necessary or Not? ) at ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': "The rigorous Shammaite view, voiced in the Book of Jubilees (l.c.), prevailed in the time of King John Hyrcanus, who forced the Abrahamic rite upon the Idumeans, and in that of King Aristobulus, who made the Itureans undergo circumcision (Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 9, § 1; 11, § 3)."〕 and many had intermarried with the Jews and adopted their customs.〔"Herod I". ''Encyclopaedia Judaica''. (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House. ISBN 965-07-0665-8〕 While Herod publicly identified himself as a Jew and was considered as such by some,〔Josephus, ''Wars'', 2.13. "There was also another disturbance at Caesarea, - those Jews who were mixed with the Syrians that lived there rising a tumult against them. The Jews pretended that the city was theirs, and said that he who built it was a Jew, meaning King Herod. The Syrians confessed also that its builder was a Jew; but they still said, however, that the city was a Grecian city; for that he who set up statues and temples in it could not design it for Jews."〕 this religious identification was undermined by the decadent lifestyle of the Herodians, which would have earned them the antipathy of observant Jews.〔(Herod I: Opposition of the Pious ) at ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': "All the worldly pomp and splendor which made Herod popular among the pagans, however, rendered him abhorrent to the Jews, who could not forgive him for insulting their religious feelings by forcing upon them heathen games and combats with wild animals".〕 Herod later executed several members of his own family, including his wife Mariamne I.〔Losch, Richard R. ''All the People in the Bible'', (Eerdmans, 2008) p. 155.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Herod the Great」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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